أصول الفكر السياسي عند المعتزلة في العهد العباسي: القاضي عبد الجبار أنموذجا

Abstract

This research aims to shed light on the origins of political thought among the Mu'tazilites during the Abbasid era, drawing upon the theories of Al-Qadi Abd al-Jabbar. His work serves as an authentic reflection of the intellectual maturity attained by Mu'tazilite political discourse. The significance of this study lies in several aspects, including: demonstrating the role of the Mu'tazilites in shaping public political consciousness during the Abbasid period, their subsequent influence on the history of Islamic political thought, and highlighting the role of Reason in interpreting Sharia texts and Ijma (consensus). Consequently, this leads to an Islamic political theory that harmoniously integrates text with reality, and constants with variables.

The research seeks to achieve several objectives, most notably: monitoring the evolution of Mu'tazilite political thought through the views of Al-Qadi Abd al-Jabbar and elucidating the impact of the intellectual and political environment on their political philosophy.

The findings indicate that the political conditions of the Abbasid era significantly influenced the Mu'tazilites' theoretical views and practical stances. Their history during this period unfolded in two distinct stages:The First Stage: Characterized by the state's adoption of Mu'tazilite theology. During this phase, the Mu'tazilites faced a dilemma: the divergence of political reality from the concepts of Choice and Political Consensus—principles established by the Companions and early predecessors. Historical records do not show Mu'tazilite opposition to this discrepancy, a pragmatic stance likely driven by their desire to ensure the spread of their Da'wa (mission) under the auspices of the Abbasid Caliphs.The Second Stage: Occurred when the Abbasid authority shifted to adopting the doctrine of the Jurists and Ahl al-Hadith. No longer concerned with legitimizing the Abbasid Caliphate, the Mu'tazilites turned toward deep theorization and the establishment of foundational principles regarding the various issues of the Imamate